Study Notes for Colleges and Universities

The development of Information Technology has taken place during last two decades of the twentieth century. These two decades can be regarded as the decades in which computer culture got its place. During these decades giant companies like Microsoft Corporation evolved and lot of industry’s pioneer companies failed due to their inability to get in pace with changing technology. The increased power of software industry could be judged from the volume of international market of Information Technology which is estimated at 600 billion dollars. This volume is increasing at the rat of 18 percent per annum. The bigger market of Information Technology (IT) is USA where major compute manufacturing and software development companies are based. Our next door neighbour India is playing a vital role in the multinational industry. It has developed software industry responding at the right time and positive manner. In Pakistan efforts are being made for the development of this indust

It is an aim of every body to live a successful life, but except some persons majority of people does not live such life. Let us ponder over it that why every one is not successful in life. The answer is very simple that every one does not know the secrets of successful life. Even they do not try to find our such secrets. There had been many peoples who led their life successfully. In these peoples we have men and women, rich and poor, religious and non religious persons who knew the secret of successful life. If we want to live a happy and life full of success then we have to follow certain principles which have been left by the philosophers and learned persons. If we want to live a successful life one must not think of not his caste or creed but he should think that his importance in the world is only because he had served the other people. He must kill his ego he should not be proud or feel superior to himself for rendering such services. Because pride is a fatal disease wh

A language is tool by using that a person can be able to communicate his feelings to another person. So for the purpose of communication a language is necessary. The position which a language occupies in other countries is largely determined by the cultural, political, economic position of its implanters and their quality of civilization and advancement made by them in the field of science and technology. The English language is an important language of the world it is the mother tongue of two advanced countries of the world America and Great Britain . It is being spoken by half of the population of the world at present. Now it has gained the status of international language. It has become lingua France of the people of the world. It is no longer the exclusive possession of English race. Now it is the language of international communication but English is practically a language of administration, science, literature and diplomacy. English possesses a rich vocabulary, variety

There are many professions which man has adopted according to his knowledge and ability. A person can adopt any profession or business. It depends upon his aptitudes and mental capability. All profession are equally important for the human development. But the teaching is the profession which has lead people on the high way of progress and prosperity. No development had been possible if there had been no teacher. All the sciences all the arts and crafts and all the civilizations and cultures are due to the teaching. In fact teaching is the noble profession let me call the teaching as prophetic profession, because invariably all prophets are teachers. They taught and preached the message of God.  The importance and nobility of this profession is evident from a tradition of Holy Prophet (Peace by upon Him) in which he says “I have been sent to you as a teacher” in an other Hadith Holy Prophet (Peace by upon Him) says “He who is neither teacher nor student is not a Muslim” these

Democracy is a Greek word. It is combination of two words one is ‘Demos’ which means ‘the people’ and other is ‘Karate’ which means rule. Thus the word democracy means rule or government of the people. The great American President Abraham Lincoln defined democracy “Government of the people by the people and for the people”. It is democratic system of government in which the people have great say in the functioning of the government through elected representatives. Election and right of franchise are the two fundamental principles of democracy according to country’s constitution people elect their representatives through adult franchise for the tenure of four or five years. Most countries of the world have democratic form of government except a few kingdoms and communist countries. Infact democracy means different things for different people. Its meaning and compositions also changes with time. Now here we find ideal or perfect to democracy in the world to be real democracy

A person who is aware of his duties and rights in his society is a good citizen. He asserts his rights and performs his duties with equal zest. His rights in fact imply his duties. In all democratic societies an individual enjoys political as well as civil rights. Political rights consist of right of vote, right to freedom of expression and faith right to movement etc, civil rights are also important, they enable a person to live in a civilized manner. A good citizen defends his political and civil rights zealously. The state helps him in that through law and justice. Violation of these rights is often punishable. There is however a tendency to emphasize the right of citizenship bit too much. We must know that rights and duties are correlative. One’s right implies an other’s duty vice versa never lost sight of by a good citizen. For instance citizen is free to organize his life as he likes. But in actual practice there are many checks on ones freedom. One can not build a house