Study Notes for Colleges and Universities

If we look on the map of South Asia , the India is at it’s core. Is there any country around its rim that has not had a military conflict with India ? The answer is India has always liked to dominate the region. The root of the problem is that India has never liked the fact that Britain divided South Asian Empire in 1940’s. The roots of regional conflict are buried in history. As Independence from Britain approached, the Muslims minority in colony agitated for a state independent of Hindu majority. The ultimate result was partition of sub-continent and two hostile states India and Pakistan came in to existence, in 1947. Kashmir a Hindu ruled but predominantly Muslims province bordering, India and Pakistan and China was the location of the first of a string of crises in India-Pakistan relation. The Hindu ruler was slow to make up mind whether to join India or Pakistan . The population wanted to join Pakistan but ruler decided against it and invited India to occu

The project of Kalabagh Dam was launched in 1984 during the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haque. It was planned to complete in 1994. The estimated cost was about 4.9 billion dollars. Although still in shelf huge sums of money 1.3 billion rupees have already been spent on it. As with all anti people projects this scheme too is surrounded by bundles of lies and misinformation. The myths that surround this dam are as under: (i)         River Indus is over flowing with extra water which can be obtained via dams. This is absolutely wrong, because there is no extra water in Indus , delta region of Sindh is already facing disaster. The sole purpose of this project is to divert the natural flow of water to some specified areas of Punjab . (ii)        It is being stated by WAPDA that the storage capacity of Kalabagh Dam would be 6.7 MAF. However this too is a myth. The reality is that a part from storing 6.7 MAF of Indus water a further 12.8 MAF water will be diverted left a

One of the major characteristics of international relations is its dynamic nature. Things keep on changing and to keep pace with the dynamic nature of international relations one has to be sufficiently a breast with the tools that enable the maintenance of requisite pace. What one needs to realize is that not only all developments are likely to have a positive impact but there may be some that could contribute towards further deterioration of the situation. This is particularly applicable to situation of delicate balance. South Asia is a peculiar region in many ways. Not only it is an indo centric region but it has rarely experienced tension free period since the partition of British Indian Empire. Since 1947 the area has not been able to emerge as peaceful region of the world. Both India and Pakistan the powerful countries of the region expressed in no uncertain terms their desire in peace, the historical baggage and policy pursuits during the lost 55 years did not facili

Since the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and technology are making advances at an amazing rate. From telephone to internet; from calculators to computers, from cars to rockets and satellites. We are submerged in a sea of discoveries and inventions made possible by science. Fields like medicine and communication have made inroads into culture and thus our life styles. So vast is the impact of science on our lives, that people fear the unthinkable. It leads them to accusation such as science tries to play God. However according to Hume God is part of the order that exists in the universe. If so then Science is just helping us to discover the Almighty which most people perceive as ultimate truth. There are many benefits of Science and Technology. Lot of easiness and convenience has been created by the Science and technology. Now that nation is honourable and respected which is advanced in Science and Technology s

There was time when sub-continent was noted all over the world as a glorious centre of education and culture where students from all parts of the globe used to pour in. It was an ideal system of education which apart from disseminating sweetness and light, infused in to the minds of the students a spiritual urge for coming in contact with these educational institutions. But now when we look at the present state of education in our country, the change shocks us deeply and we cry out in the language of Wordsworth. Whither is the field the visionary gleam? Where is it now, the glory and the dream? It is asserted with great regret that our educational system day by day is going towards decay. The standard of education in the country is steadily falling. The students turning out every year from our educational institutions are not up to the mark. They are much below the expected level. Let us find out where does the evil lie. In fact education lacks meaning and purpose. Th

In this age of scepticism and agnosticism it is not safe to talk about religion. Because people have many misgiving about religion. They confuse it with orthodoxy and when ever they discuss the subject they always are off the point. To them only purpose of life appears to be materialistic enjoyment, yet one feels as if one is missing something. If we look within our selves we shall note that something has happened with us that have has taken away the joy of life. Some time we feel dissatisfied even when we have amassed the worldly goods to our heart’s content the inner harmony has turned in it a discord and no more do we hear the music of soul. The question arises what ails us? And even one answer according to his own belief. Naturally the human mind seeks solace. There is a class of people gifted with sixth sense. That is institution. It means direct perception of reality. They have the glimpse of it. Then in symbolical terms they interpret their inner experience. Their language

I passed S. S. C part II examination in ‘A’ Grade and thought of getting admission in college. I applied for admission in Govt. Degree College . After a few days list of successful candidates was pasted on notice board of college and I was among those candidates who were selected. I was allotted Roll number and I was proud of being student of college. The classes were to start from the list of next month. On the first day I put on my college uniform and went out for college. I reached the college well before the time. I found myself among smart and active boys. They were the senior students who had arrived early to make first years fools of us. They greeted the new comers with funny remarks. Most of us got nervous and this encouraged them further to laugh at us they teased and ridiculed us. At 8.30 AM the college peon rang the bell. All the students entered the class room. It was my first day in college it was quite new experience for me. Naturally I was exited and waited